In Depth: Which 3D render engine is best? (Updated 25 April 2023) #3drenderer
Indeed, there are so many 3D Renderers available. So, how does an artist know what to choose? Essentially, renderers really do the same thing. However, they work differently and will give different results. Below is a breakdown of what the different renderers offer, not reviews, so you can decide which renderer is right for you.
Note: This is a living document.
We are focusing on rendering tools that we sell at Toolfarm to help our customers make the choice. By the same token, as we add new tools to our store and products are updated, we will update this article.
There is a vast amount of information here and updates come out so often. We will try our best to keep it updated, nonetheless, some information may not be fully correct or may be out of date. Please let us know if something isn’t correct so that we may update the article and/or product information
Update Log
To view the update log, scroll to the bottom of the page.
Header image credit: ChaoTechin on Pixabay
Note: Pricing and system requirements are accurate as of the publishing of this article. We will keep this document updated when we get around to it. Please check for current versions.
3D Renderers: An Introduction
This article on 3D Renderers was difficult to put together. As a result, there is a lot of information to digest. Indeed, I hope this will be a highly used resource. My goal was to create a document to help artists decide which 3D renderers work best for their work while presenting only facts. No opinion. So, users can compare 3D renderers on a logical level. This comes with a lot of terminologies of which you must have a basic understanding. First, I’ll go over some terminology, then a comparison chart of some criteria with renderers. Then a bit more about each 3D rendering engine with some videos.
Criteria for this 3D Renderers Comparison
- GPU/CPU
- Biased/Unbiased
- Physically Based Renderer
- Platform Support
- Host Support
- System Requirements
- Price
CPU vs. GPU Rendering
Think of the central processing unit, or CPU, as the brain and control center of your computer. A graphics processing unit, or GPU, is there to render 3D graphics and to help the CPU perform its calculations. The CPU is based on single cores so it works on one bit of data at a time. The GPU is designed for parallel processing so they can work with a lot of data at once. To sum it up, a quote I came across from Kevin Krewell from Nvidia explains it well: “Architecturally, the CPU is composed of just a few cores with lots of cache memory that can handle a few software threads at a time. In contrast, a GPU is composed of hundreds of cores that can handle thousands of threads simultaneously.”
Some 3D renderers will utilize the GPU instead of the CPU, which can mean faster renders, but the downside is that GPUs are limited to the amount of VRAM or video memory. Many renderers are hybrid and use both the CPU and GPU.
GPU vs CPU Video Rendering and Video Editing
Roberto Blake gives a great overview of whether you should choose GPU or CPU rendering.
Biased vs. Unbiased
Biased means that the renderer will estimate values, or do a bit of educated guessing using mathematical functions, and not calculate every single pixel. The benefit is that it’s much faster. The downside is that the results may not be absolutely accurate.
Unbiased, on the other hand, means that every pixel is calculated with no interpolation between pixels. Biased rendering methods include light tracking, path tracing, bidirectional path tracing, and metropolis light transport.
Many renderers are capable of producing both unbiased and biased renderers.
Grant Warwick about Bias and Differences of 3D Rendering Engines
Further reading:
- The Truth About Unbiased Rendering
- Should your renderer be biased or unbiased?
- Octane vs Corona vs Redshift has a nice explanation of bias vs unbiased.
Global Illumination
Global Illumination is the algorithm that the software uses to recreate natural lighting from the real world. There are several types of algorithms such as radiosity, ray tracing, beam tracing, cone tracing, path tracing, Metropolis light transport, ambient occlusion, photon mapping, and image-based lighting. Even more, these can be used on their own or in combination with each other to create better results. [Source: Wikipedia: Global Illumination]
C4D Fundamentals | 07 – Advanced Rendering – Understanding Global Illumination
While this video is targeted to Cinema 4D, much of the information applies to any other 3D software.
Monte Carlo Method
This is a common algorithm for photo realism used by 3D software and it seems to be tied in with probability in gambling! To explain, “Monte Carlo methods are also efficient in solving coupled integral differential equations of radiation fields and energy transport, and thus these methods have been used in global illumination computations that produce photo-realistic images of virtual 3D models, with applications in video games, architecture, design, computer-generated films, and cinematic special effects.” [Source: Wikipedia: Monte Carlo method]
Further reading:
- Monte Carlo methods for improved rendering – This is an academic paper from the Institute for Applied Computational Sciences, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Embree Ray Tracing Kernels
Embree, developed at Intel, is a collection of high-performance ray tracing kernels. Hence, it is explained in the video below from Intel.
Many renderers use Embree ray tracing kernels. In addition, V-Ray Next includes a custom Embree ray tracing library “which speeds up anything from proxies to motion blur.” [Source: Interview: V-Ray Next and the Future of Rendering – CG Channel] FluidRay RT, Corona Render, and others also use it.
Further reading:
- How Embree Delivers Uncompromising Photorealism | Intel® Software
- Download Embree here
- The Embree Example Renderer – This is a photo-realistic path tracer that builds on the Embree high-performance ray tracing kernels (Note: not a full-featured renderer and not designed to be used for production rendering)
Physically-Based Rendering
Finally, Physically based rendering, often abbreviated as PBR, uses mathematical theories that allow for photorealistic renderings.
What is PBR? Physically-Based Rendering Explained
Further Reading:
- Physically Based Rendering From Theory to Implementation, Second Edition, by Matt Pharr and Greg Humphreys
- Basic Theory Of Physically-based Rendering
- PBR Guide from Allegorithmic – Wes McDermott and his friends at Allegorithmic have updated The PBR Guide. It’s a 2 volume guide to physically based rendering. In order to keep pace with evolving 3D technology, they are keeping the information and techniques in the book up to date. Of course, it’s available as a free download on Substance Academy.
- Maya Monday: How Physically Based Rendering Shaders Work
3D Renderers
Comparison Chart – Quick Reference
| Renderer | Developer | Current Host Support | GPU | CPU | Hybrid | Engine Type | Bias | GI Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnold | Autodesk (Solid Angle) | Maya Cinema 4D 3ds Max Houdini Katana Softimage |  with Arnold GPU | |  | Offline | Unbiased | Physically-based uni-directional path tracer |
| Corona Renderer | Corona | 3ds Max Cinema 4D ARCHICAD (alpha) Blender (add-on in development) | | | | Offline | Unbiased & Biased | Intel Embree Ray Tracing Kernels |
| Cycles 4D | Insydium | Cinema 4D with X-Particles | | | | Offline (Real-time Preview) | Unbiased | Path Tracing |
| finalRender | Cebas | 3ds Max Maya (beta) | NVIDIA CUDA | | | Offline | Unbiased | Physically Based (Spectral) Wavelength Simulation |
| Maxwell | Next Limit | Standalone with plugins for: Maya 3ds Max Softimage Form•Z Modo Nuke Rhino ArchiCAD Revit Sketchup | | | Offline | Unbiased | A variation of Metropolis light transport | |
| Redshift | Redshift | Maya Softimage 3ds Max Cinema 4D Houdini Katana | | | Offline | Biased | Ray Tracing | |
| RenderZone | Form•Z | Form•Z | NVIDIA CUDA | | | Offline | Unbiased & Biased | Ray Tracing |
| V-Ray | Chaos | Cinema 4D 3ds Max Maya Houdini Softimage Rhino Nuke Sketchup Revit Unreal Universal Nodes for: | | | | Offline | Unbiased (optional) | Path Tracing |
| U-RENDER (Discontinued 17 Oct 2022) | Uppercut | Cinema 4D Standalone | | | | Real-Time | Unbiased | Real-Time |
Autodesk Arnold Render
The description from the developer:
Arnold software is an advanced Monte Carlo raytracing renderer. Another key point, it’s designed for artists and the demands of modern animation and visual effects (VFX) production.
Autodesk Arnold Render
Global illumination rendering software
Arnold software is an advanced Monte Carlo ray tracing renderer that helps you deliver beautiful and predictable results.
Navigate through the software with simple and intuitive controls.
Produce professional-grade renders with full artistic control.
Get immediate results with interactive rendering.
Arnold – The Details
Current release: API 7.2.1.1, 19 April 2023 (Release notes)
Platforms: Windows, macOS X, Linux
Host Support:
- 3ds Max
- Maya
- Softimage
- Houdini
- Cinema 4D
- Katana
License Options: Subscription, Floating, Multipacks, and maintenance plan renewal for perpetual licenses.
Price: One-year subscription starting at $360.00
Learn more: Arnold Render News
The description from the developer:
finalRender is a photographer’s dream come true
trueHybrid™ technology – bringing the power of CPU and GPU together! finalRender for 3ds Max is the perfect choice for 3d artists and studios alike wanting the maximum in image quality and photo-realism, without experiencing a brain melt when setting up complex scenes for rendering! And no compromises.
Cebas finalRender True-Hybrid – The Details
Current release version: 3ds Max (Subscription Drop 4), released 19 May 2023
Platforms: Windows
Host Support:
- 3ds Max 2024, 2023, 2022 2021, 2020, 2019
- Maya is in beta as of March 2019 (Beta info)
License Options: Workstation, network license, GPU license
Price:
- The first option is a 1 Year Workstation License, with an MSRP of $294.00 (Toolfarm Price: $279.30)
- Second, a 1 Year Unlimited Network License, MSRP: $294.00, Toolfarm Price: $279.30
- Lastly, a 1 Year Unlimited CUDA GPU License, MSRP: $294.00, Toolfarm Price: $279.30
Update: cebas finalRender Drop 4 – RTX Speed Blast + Unlimited Trial – 19 May 2023
Chaos Corona
The description from Chaos, the developer:
New advanced high-performance renderer for 3ds Max and Cinema 4D. Chaos® Corona delivers high-quality, physically based shading for production rendering. Be an artist, not a technician, and achieve realism with greater ease than other rendering software. Version 9 licenses support both 3ds Max and Cinema 4D with one license.
Current Release:
- Corona 9 for 3ds Max, hotfix 1
- Released on October 17th, 2022 (Hotfix on Nov 28th, 2022)
- Works with 3ds Max 2016-2023
- Corona 9 for Cinema 4D, hotfix 1
- Released on October 17th, 2022 (Hotfix on Dec 1st, 2022)
- Works with Cinema 4D R17-2023
Platforms:
- Windows (3ds Max, Cinema 4D)
- Mac (Cinema 4D only)
Host Support:
- Autodesk 3ds Max x64 version 2016-2023
- Maxon Cinema 4D R17-2023, 64-Bit
- Standalone
License Options:
- Subscription
Price: Solo is $358.80/yr and Premium is $478.80/yr
Further Reading:
Chaos Enscape
The description from the developer:
Enjoy the convenience of having your visualization plug-in right at hand with Chaos Enscape! This revolutionary software integrates seamlessly into popular design tools, so you can quickly and easily generate stunning real-time visuals in no time. Leave tedious workflows behind and make every stage of the design process enjoyable.
Platform: Windows 10 or higher
Host support:
- Autodesk Revit
- SketchUp
- Rhinoceros
- Graphisoft Archicad
- Vectorworks
Licensing and Price
- Annual Node-Locked License: $514.80 – Recommended for individuals and smaller teams.
- Annual Floating License: $898.89 – Recommended for individuals and teams who want maximum flexibility.
Upgrades are available. U.S./Canada Sales only.
Chaos V-Ray
The description from the developer:
Smarter. Faster. Render.
Built for artists, designers & jacks-of-all-trades, our 3D rendering software helps you visualize anything imaginable. Undoubtedly, you will save time and create your best work with tech from Chaos.
Chaos V-Ray – The Details
| Host | Version/Build | Release Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| V-Ray for Cinema 4D | 6.10.00 | 18 May 2023 | Details Release notes |
| V-Ray for 3ds Max | 6.10.08 | 5 May 2023 | Details Release notes |
| V-Ray for Maya | 6.10.00 | 18 May 2023 | Release notes |
| V-Ray for NUKE | 5.20.00 | 2 Dec 2021 | Release notes |
| V-Ray for Houdini | 6.00.21 | 13 Dec 2022 | Release notes |
| V-Ray for Revit | 6.00.01 | 7 Dec 2022 | Release notes |
| V-Ray for Rhino | 6.00.03 | 18 April 2023 | Release notes |
| V-Ray for SketchUp | 6.00.03 | 18 April 2023 | Release notes |
| V-Ray Next for Unreal | 5.10.01 | 27 Jan 2022 | Release notes |
| Softimage | 3.0 (previous version) | ||
| Discontinued - V-Ray Next for Katana | 4.10.02 - Discontinued as of 20 Jan 2022 | 26 Mar 2019 | Release notes |
| Discontinued - V-Ray Next for MODO | 4.12.01 - Discontinued as of 20 Jan 2022 | 24 Apr 2019 | Release notes |
Platforms: Windows, Mac
Host Support:
- Cinema 4D
- 3ds Max
- Maya
- Softimage (no longer in development)
- Rhino
- Modo and Katana – Discontinued 20 Jan 2022
- Nuke
- SketchUp
- Revit
- Unreal
License Options: Purchase a single V-Ray license to access all V-Ray integrations, including 3ds Max, Cinema 4D, Houdini, Maya, Nuke, Revit, Rhino, SketchUp, and Unreal.
Price: Starting at $466.80 for V-Ray Solo.
Recent Chaos V-Ray News & Updates
- Update: Chaos V-Ray 6 for Maya & Cinema 4D, Update 1
- Chaos V-Ray 6 for Revit is Now Available
- Chaos Releases V-Ray 6 for Both SketchUp and Rhino
- New: Chaos V-Ray 6 for Cinema 4D is Now Available
- New: Chaos V-Ray 6 for Maya is Now Available
- New/Update: Chaos V-Ray 6 for 3DS Max + New V-Ray Subscription Options
FormZ RenderZone
FormZ RenderZone
The description from the developer:
RenderZone Plus adds photorealistic render capabilities to formZ
Add photorealistic rendering with global illumination, ambient occlusion, and radiosity effects to formZ! Single user license of RenderZone plugin for form·Z 8.
FormZ RenderZone – The Details
Current release version: v9, 12 January 2020
Platforms: Windows, Mac
Host Support:
- FormZ
License Options: Perpetual license for Form•Z Pro or Form•Z Jr.
Price: MSRP: $395.00, Toolfarm Price: $375.25
INSYDIUM Cycles 4D
The description from the developer:
Cycles is an unbiased GPU/CPU render engine developed by the Blender Foundation and made available under the Apache 2 licensing system. Additionally, Cycles 4D is a dedicated bridge plugin allowing Cinema 4D users to access the Cycles rendering engine directly inside Cinema 4D without the need for an external application.
With INSYDIUM’s own real-time preview and fully featured node editor, along with our eye for detail and quality, Cycles 4D is the ultimate render companion. Of course, it has unparalleled access to X-Particles.
Cycles 4D – The Details
Current release version: Build 559, Update 1 December 2022- Supports Cinema 4D R19-2023
Platforms: Windows, Mac (support for M1 Macs as of Dec 2022)
Host Support:
- Cinema 4D with access to X-Particles
License Options: Perpetual license & Subscription
INSYDIUM Fused Annual Subscription
Includes both X-Particles and Cycles 4D
The INSYDIUM Annual Subscription allows for flexibility. INSYDIUM Fused contains all of our plugins and products in one complete collection. Everything you need to create stunning particle effects, realistic terrains and fulfill modeling tasks through to the final render. Plus, all our available 3D Resources, hours of Training, Technical Support, and Content Repository files.
INSYDIUM Fused Perpetual License
Includes both X-Particles and Cycles 4D
INSYDIUM Fused is their collection of plugins, products and benefits.
INSYDIUM Fused provides everything an artist needs in one complete collection. INSYDIUM Fused contains all of our plugins and products in one complete collection. Everything you need to create stunning particle effects, realistic terrains and fulfill modeling tasks through to the final render. Plus, all our available 3D Resources, hours of Training, Technical Support, and Content Repository files.
In addition, check out Insydium Cycles News
Maxon Redshift
The description from the developer:
Redshift is the world’s first fully GPU-accelerated, biased renderer.
Redshift is a powerful GPU-accelerated renderer, built to meet the specific demands of contemporary high-end production rendering. In other words, Redshift is tailored to support creative individuals and studios of every size. In fact, Redshift offers a suite of powerful features and integrates with industry-standard CG applications.
Redshift – The Details
Current release: 3.5.15. (2023.03) – 15 May 2023
Platforms: Windows, Mac
AMD GPU support is now available (in public beta) for Redshift 3.5.15. Artists employing the industry’s most powerful biased renderer can now take advantage of select AMD Radeon™ PRO graphics cards GPU-accelerated rendering. The new loop option for Maxon Noise Procedurals allows artists to quickly set up seamless and satisfying animated effects.
GPU/CPU: As of the 3.5 release in April 2022, users can now render with Redshift inside Cinema 4D. The rendering can be in CPU mode or in hybrid mode, which uses both CPU and GPU, without the need for a separate Redshift product subscription.
- Redshift CPU, which uses just the CPU
- Redshift XPU, which lets users render a hybrid, with both the CPU and GPU simultaneously.
- Note: Users can also still render with the GPU.
- Please see the system requirements for GPUs for all operating systems.
Host Support:
- Maya
- Softimage
- 3ds Max (Note: 2023 IS supported)
- Cinema 4D (Note: 2023 IS supported)
- Houdini
License Options: Redshift is a licensed per machine with no limit on the number of GPUs*. To clarify, there is no distinction is made between workstations and render nodes. In other words, 1 license is good for 1 machine.
Price: $264 for an annual subscription
Redshift by Maxon
Redshift Now Available as Subscription
Redshift is the world’s first fully GPU-accelerated, biased renderer built to meet the specific demands of contemporary high-end production rendering in C4D. Tailored to support creative individuals and studios of every size, Redshift offers a suite of powerful features and supports complex, advanced shading networks and texturing capabilities as required for production-quality rendering. Redshift has the features and uncompromising quality of a CPU renderer, but at GPU rendering speeds.
Redshift News:
- Maxon May 2023 Release Brings AMD GPU Support for Redshift
- Redshift Moving to Subscription-Only August 30
- Maxon Announces Redshift for macOS
- Maxon Acquires Redshift Rendering Technologies
Maxwell Render
The description from the developer:
Maxwell – 3D rendering software for architects and designers.
To summarize, Maxwell is legendary for its quality and realism. It delivers great results via a simple set-up, which lets you focus on lighting. Now, Maxwell easily integrates a powerful denoiser (by Innobright’s Altus), while preserving texture and geometry details, effectively saving a lot of time. You can obtain your images around two to six times faster, depending on the scene for a similar amount of detail. Instead of having to render your images to a high sampling level, you can keep it low and let the denoiser do the job.
Multi-GPU Rendering / Hybrid Rendering?
*** Maxwell has the option of rendering on GPU, or CPU, or you can render both at once. They do not seem to use the term “hybrid rendering” in their manual or marketing materials, however, so it is unclear if it’s not the same or just not the same terminology.
Maxwell also has a feature called Multi-GPU, introduced in Maxwell 5, which allows users to use two or more graphics cards while rendering. This is Windows only, however. From the Maxwell system requirements, “Graphics cards that support CUDA platform (Nvidia), running on Windows. No AMD or Intel will work, sorry. This means the GPU engine is not supported for Mac, as they don’t use Nvidia cards.”
Maxwell Render- The Details
Platforms: Windows, Mac (depending on the host)
Host Support, Current Release Version, release date:
Release notes
- Standalone – v5.21.49, 9 Sept 2021
- 3ds Max – v5.2.1 – 06 Jul 2021
- Maya – v5.2.1 – 15 Dec 2021 – Added support for Maya 2022
- Cinema 4D – v5.2.4 – 22 Sep 2022 – Added Cinema 4D 2023 support
- Rhino v6 – v5.2.6.3 – 23 Aug 2022
- Form•Z – v5.2.1.1 – 06 Jul 2021
- SketchUp – v5.2.2, 24 Feb 2022 – Added support for SketchUp 2022
- Archicad – v5.2.3 – 14 Nov 2022
- Revit – v5.2.2 – 24 Feb 2022 (adds support for SketchUp 2022
- Modo – Discontinued
License Options: Node-locked or Floating licenses
Price: Starting at $595, depending on the host.
Next Limit Maxwell | Studio
Independent scene editor with a full 3D environment
Maxwell Studio is a sophisticated independent scene editor with a full 3D environment, offering an alternative workflow for those Maxwell Render users that work with 3D or CAD applications for which there are no Maxwell plugins.
Maxwell Bundle
All in one & one for all
The Maxwell | Bundle contains all Maxwell plugin integrations and Maxwell | Studio in one product.
One Maxwell | Bundle license equals one license seat in either of the products included – Studio, Rhino, Cinema 4D, 3ds Max, SketchUp, Maya, ArchiCAD or formZ.
One license to switch between and use as needed. One day you could be using Maxwell | SketchUp, and on the next – Maxwell | Studio or the plugin for Cinema 4D.
Further reading:
Maxwell Render exporter for Blender
While there doesn’t seem to be official support for Blender, there are some tools that you can try. I have not tried either of these so these links are informational.
Otoy Octane
We’ve left Octane off of the list previously because we do not sell it. A couple of people recently asked us why we are snubbing Octane. We are definitely not snubbing it. In fact, we think it’s a great renderer and we’d love to carry it. However, we’re not going to put the energy and time into keeping it updated here since we do not sell it, and it’s tough enough to keep what we do sell up to date. Hopefully, we’ll be able to add it to this list in full detail in the future! We’d like that very much!
Updates from 2023
- 19 May 2023: Lots updated
- 25 April 2023: Added Enscape
- 3 April 2023: V-Ray for 3ds Max, Redshift, and Arnold all updated in March
- 13 February 2023: V-Ray for Cinema 4D hotfix update. Autodesk Arnold update.
3D Renderers Updates from 2022
- 12 December 2022: Made correction about Maxwell. Updated Corona and V-Ray, Cycles 4D, Arnold, Redshift.
- 25 November 2022: Arnold, Redshift, V-Ray for Revit updated. Maxwell for Cinema 4D & Archicad also updated.
- 17 October 2022: U-Render discontinued. Chaos Corona 9 is available. Updated V-Ray.
- 16 August 2022: Updated V-Ray, U-Render, Arnold, Redshift
- 20 July 2022: Updated Corona, Redshift, V-Ray for 3ds Max, V-Ray for Cinema 4D, Arnold
- 9 May 2022: Removed Keyshot & Shaderlight
- 4 May 2022: Updated U-Render, Redshift, and V-Ray for Maya
- 14 April 2022: Chaos Corona, Arnold, and several V-Ray hosts updated.
- 24 January 2022: V-Ray products discontinued, Updates for Redshift, and Corona Render 8 coming soon.
3D Renderers Updates from 2021
- 4 November 2021: V-Ray 5 for SketchUp, V-Ray 5 for Rhino, Update 2 Now Available
- 26 October 2021: Arnold Renderer 7.0, V-Ray for 3ds Max update, V-Ray for C4D now supports R25, Next Limit Maxwell Render for Cinema 4D now supports R25.
- 20 September 2021: Several products have been updated to support Cinema 4D R25, including Cycles 4D, U-Render, and Redshift.
- 19 July 2021: updated V-Ray for Revit and Maya. In addition, Redshift updated to v3.0.50.
- 30 June 2021: We updated a few recent updates for V-Ray, finalRender, and U-RENDER.
- 3 May 2021: Corona Renderer 6 Hotfix 2 adds support for 3ds Max 2022, V-ray for Cinema 4D 5.00.45 (Hotfix 3) adds support for Cinema 4D S24.
- 15 April 2021: Redshift and V-Ray for 3ds Max updated
- 9 March 2021: Maxwell Render 5.2 updated
- 24 February 2021: Major Chaos updates for V-Ray, an Arnold point update
- 12 February 2021: Updated Luxion Keyshot
- 5 February 2021: Updated Arnold, U-Render, V-Ray for Cinema 4D, Redshift
Posted by Michele Yamazaki
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